1. Radix Panax Notoginseng

Applications:

• To treat various types of internal and external bleeding syndromes:
  This herb cannot only arrest bleeding, but also dissipate blood stasis, producing outstanding curative effects.

• To treat traumatic injuries and blood stasis with pain:
  This herb can promote blood circulation by removing blood stasis to subdue swelling and kill pain, It is a popular traumatological herb.
  Combined with other herbs it is used for promoting blood circulation and lipid (fat)  control

• It is used as hemostatic and anodyne by eliminating blood stasis

• It is used for angina pectoris and ischemic cardiovascular diseases

Function of the herb:

• It expands coronary arteries
• It prevents angina pectoris
• It promote blood circulation
• Increase and protect blood platelets

• It has anti-blood clot effect

• It can reduce cardiac load, lower arterial pressure and improve micro-circulation in and around damaged heart tissue
• It produces anti-carcinogenic effect on some form of cancer
• It relieves chest pain associated with angina
• It improves heart function
• It has anti-inflammatory effects
• It strengthens the immune system
• It increases blood circulation in the heart and brain while lowering elevated heart pressure
• It prevents arteriosclerosis and inhibits the progression of arteriosclerosis lesions
• It prevent arrhythmias due to lack of oxygen in the heart (improves heart function)
• It improves memory and reverses dementia by regenerating injured brain cells
• It lowers elevated blood lipids

It is referred to as “the most valuable Chinese herbal medicine “ and is nicknamed “priceless” (Compendium of Material Media). Research by Kunming Plant Research Institute of China Academy of Science, Kunming Medical College and scientists from Japan and America prove that P.N. has 20 types of saponin active mass, 17 types of amino acids, 11 types of trace elements, lumpy proteins, abundant vitamins, polysaccharide and 3 kinds of anticancerin mass : active selenium, notoginseng - polysaccaride A, B-element. Studies at Wuhan Medical College showed that it enhanced oxygen supply function of the heart muscle, protect cardiac muscle cell from ischemic injury. California Applied Biology Scientific Research Institute of America proves that P.N. possesses distinct effects on controlling body weight and reducing fat. This has also been proven by a Japanese scholar. The Rg (Ginsenoside Rg) Saponin of P.N. improves the composition of DNA of the brains and proteins, has anti-fatigue function and enhances the activities of brain, thus helping memory.

1) Experiments and modern clinical trials have shown that Panax notoginseng is immunologically active. Panax notoginseng stimulates macrophages, promotes antibody formation, activates complement and increases T lymphocyte proliferation.  (T lymphocyte: a small lymphocyte developed in the thymus; it orchestrates the immune system's response to infected or malignant cells) and protected animals from liver intoxications. 41992

2) Clinical research  by western scientists have shown that Panax Notoginseng has anti-inflammatory, analgesic (reduces pain) and immunomodulatory action. 44000

3) Clinical research  by western scientists have shown that Panax Notoginseng reduces thrombogenicity (blood clot) and arrhythmias (improves blood and heart function), increases erythrocyte deformability (causes the ability erythrocytes cells to change shape as they pass through narrow spaces, such as the microvasculature i.e. improves blood flow), is an antioxidant, which can counteract free radical damage associated with atherogenesis and myocardial damage seen with ischemia (reduce blood supply) and reperfusion (damage to tissue caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia). 66054

4) Several studies have shown that notoginsenoides from Panax Notoginseng lower elevated blood lipids (cholesterol). Studies have shown that notoginsenoides improve diastolic function in hypertensive subjects, induce the fibrinolytic system in in vitro models and act as antiproliferative agents on vessel leiomyocytes. 01683

5) Clinical research  by western scientists have shown that Panax Notoginseng  increasing the resistance to anoxia (a region of the body where there is complete deprivation of oxygen supply), increase blood circulation in the heart and brain while lowering elevated blood pressure. 18584

6) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Panax Notoginseng may prevent atherosclerosis and inhibit progression of the atherosclerotic lesions by interfering with the proliferation of arterial smooth muscle cell. 49623

7) Clinical research by western scientists have shown the extract of the roots of Panax notoginseng (Araliaceae) exhibited a significant anti-tumor-promoting activity on two-stage carcinogenesis of mouse skin tumors. 49877

8) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that ginsenosides Rg1 from Panax Notoginseng has estrogen-like activity and should be classified as a novel class of potent phytoestrogen. "Ginsenosides have demonstrated pharmacological effects in the central nervous, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems. 61497

9) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Panax Notoginseng has anti-inflammatory effect. 78152

10) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Panax Notoginseng reduce cell damage after heart attack and protect nerve and brain cells from the damage of stroke. Panax Notoginseng improves energy metabolism and preserves the structural integrity of neurons (restore and prevent nerves damage).  01752

11) Research by western scientist showed that Panax Notoginseng can be used to treat dementia. Research done by: Professor Dr. Jinzhou Tian, Junxiang Yin, Ph.D.; Huan Liu, Ph.D.; Chengzhi Yang, Ph.D.; Jing Shi, Ph.D.; and Yongyan Wang, M.D.

2. Radix Polygonum Multiflorum

Applications:

• Polygonum multiflorum can strengthen the tendons, ligaments and bones and prevents premature aging. It is commonly called a longevity-promoting herb.

• Formulated Radix Polygonum multiflorum is used to treat hypertension.

• It is used to replenish the vital essence of the liver and kidney and to nourish the blood for the treatment of anemia

Function of the herb :

• To tone up liver and kidney and replenish their vital essence
• Treat fatty liver, increase red blood cells and reduce blood fats
• Exert same effect as adrenoticortical hormone
• Nourish blood
• For aching back and knee
• Treat tiredness and exhaustion
• Protect heart from damage from free radicals
• Improve immune system through its antioxidant effect
• Treat cholesterol problem
• Retard and treat arteriosclerosis (hardening of blood vessels)
• Protect liver
• Regulate blood
• Increase red blood cell production
• Anti-aging function

1) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that the extract of the root of Polygonum multiflorum exhibited a significant antioxidant activity. Research have shown a stilbene glucoside, (E)-2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (1) as the active constituent responsible for the antioxidant property.  33196

2) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Polygonum Multiflorum increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, reduce total cholesterol, free cholesterol, triglycerides, retard atherosclerosis, protect the heart, strengthen the membranes of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and has powerful natural antioxidant and free radical scavenger and these have powerful anti-aging functions in humans. Foster.

3. Folium Perilla Frutescens

Applications:

• Treats coughs and dyspnea: resolving phlegm and coughs

• It is used as a diaphoretic to disperse external wind and cold for the treatment of common cold without sweat.

Function of the herb:

• Used as anti-asthmatic herb
• Used as a bronchial asthma herb
• Expectorant for chronic bronchitis
• It inhibits allergic inflammation

Chronic systemic inflammation can inflict degenerative effects throughout the body. A primary cause of this destructive cascade is the production of cell-signaling chemicals known as inflammatory cytokines. Along with these dangerous cytokines, imbalances of hormone-like messengers called prostaglandins also contribute to chronic inflammatory processes. The body needs fatty acids to survive and is able to make all but two of them: linoleic acid, in the omega-6 family and linolenic acid, in the omega-3 family. These two fatty acids must be supplied by the diet and are therefore considered essential fatty acids (EFAs). Perilla  is rich in linolenic/alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).

Since alpha-linolenic acid or ALA cannot be manufactured by the body it must be obtained from food. ALA, as well as the fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), belongs to a group of fatty acids called omega-3 fatty acids. EPA and DHA are found primarily in fish while ALA is highly concentrated in plants like perilla. Once ingested, the body converts ALA to EPA and DHA, the two types of omega-3 fatty acids more readily used by the body. If we can consume sufficient ALA then intake of EPA and DHA is optional.

Omega-3 fatty acids help reduce inflammation and most omega-6 fatty acids tend to promote inflammation. Omega-3 fatty acids have been shown to reduce inflammation and help prevent certain chronic diseases such as lung disease like asthma and arthritis. These essential fatty acids are highly concentrated in the brain and appear to be particularly important for cognitive

1) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Perilla frutescens has potentially promising agents for the treatment of allergic diseases. 72153

2) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Perilla frutescens improves lung functions. 78492

3) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Perilla frutescens improves lung functions and is useful for the treatment of asthma. 32825

4) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Perilla frutescens is an effective intervention for allergic asthma. 1365-2222

4. Semen Sinapis Alba

Applications:

• Treats dyspnea (difficult in breathing) and coughing due to cold-phlegm, hypochondriac fluid retention, etc.

• Treats profuse phlegm

• Treats stuffy feeling in the chest for cold abscess and liquid accumulation in the thoracic cavity

Function of the herb:

• Used for cough
• For stuffy feeling in the chest
• Used for strengthening the lungs

1) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Sinapis alba is effective for strengthening the lungs. 81806

2) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that napins (the major allergenic proteins of Sinapis alba) is useful for building up the body. 66859

5. Poria Cocos Wolf

Application:

• As diuretics, in urinary difficulty, diarrhea, water retention
• Used for palpitations,
• Used for insomnia or forgetfulness, poor appetite.

Function of the herb:

• It has regulatory effect on human immune cells.
• It has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor function
• It has antinephritic (improve kidney function) effect

1) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Poria cocos has anti-inflammatory functions. 20314

2) Research by western scientists have shown that Poria cocos is effective in treating  edema and chronic and acute inflammation. 25140

3) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Poria Cocos Wolf has anti-tumor and immune-enhancing activity. 65424

4) Research by western scientists have shown that Poria cocos has strong anti-tumor effect. 84472

5) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that triterpene carboxylic acids isolated from the methanol extract of Hoelen, Poria cocos was found to inhibit  edema. 81415

6) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Poria Cocos have anti-inflammatory functions, high scavenging activity and protects liver and red blood cells from lipid peroxidation. 60151

7) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Poria cocos has anti-inflammatory functions and protects red blood cells from AAPH-induced hemolysis (affected by microorganisms). 160 - 162

8) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Poria cocos improves kidney functions. 07662

6. Fructus Schisandra Chinensis

Application:

• It is used to treat cough, asthma, night sweating
• It is used as a tonic

Function of the herb:

• Effective heart tonic
• Improves liver function
• Used to treat liver and gall bladder stones
• Used to treat insomnia and forgetfulness
• Used to treat for neurasthenia (tiredness and exhaustion)

• Researchers now recognize it is an “adaptogen” herb – capable of increasing the body’s resistance to disease, stress and other debilitating process, boosts recovery after surgery and improves health of adrenals.

• It is used as an adjuvant herb to treat liver disease

1) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed the validity of the historical use of Schisandra Chinensis, in particular the lignans gomisin A and gomisin N, are hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, and antioxidative agents.  75889

2) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed that Schisandra Chinensis protects the heart against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (damage to the heart tissue caused by reduced blood supply) injury. 48914

3) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed that Schisandra Chinensis have protective effect against oxygen radical induced mitochondrial toxicity on rat heart and liver and is a potent antioxidant activities. It was found that Schisanhenol from Schisandra Chinensis strengthen the heart.  86468

4) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed the validity of the historical use of Schisandra Chinensis, in particular has strong hepatoprotective functions and is an adaptogenic and antioxidative agent. 24122

5) Clinical research by western scientists from China confirmed the validity of the historical use of Schisandra Chinensis, in particular as a hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, and antioxidative agent and the lignans from this herb is more potent then Vitamin E. The actions of lignans from 7 herbs were compared and research found the lignans, schisanhenol from Schisandra Chinensis was the most active. Clinical research proved the lignans, schisanhenol from Schisandra Chinensis   prevented the decrease of membrane fluidity of liver microsomes and inhibits superoxide anion production (superoxide anion reduce oxygen supporting cellular respiration).  32091

6) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed the validity of the historical use of Schisandra Chinensis, in particular as a hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, and antioxidative agent. It was found the lignans, schisanhenol, increased superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in rat liver cytosol.  49050

7) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed that Schisandra Chinensis protects heart mitochondrial toxicity. 57000

8) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed the validity of the historical use of Schisandra Chinensis, in protectng against adriamycin induced heart mitochondrial toxicity.  17322

9) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed the validity of the historical use of Schisandra Chinensis, in particular as a hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, and antioxidative agent by maintaining plasma membrane stability of hepatocytes under oxidative stress.  42110

10) Clinical research by western scientists from Japan confirmed the validity of the historical use of Schisandra Chinensis, in particular as a hepatoprotective agent against hepatocarcinogenesis, adaptogenic, and antioxidative agent.  87124

11) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed the validity of the historical use of Schisandra Chinensis to treat liver disease without any side effects.  74427

12) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that schizandrol A from Schisandra Chinensis can improve functions of the central nervous system. 78991

13) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed that Schisandra Chinensis possessed scavenging properties and reduces lipid peroxidation.  60352

14) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed that Schisandra Chinensis possessed scavenging properties and they are stronger then those found in Vitamins.  72101

15) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed that Schisandra Chinensis possessed scavenging properties and it is more potent than that of vitamin E. 66655

16) Clinical research by western scientists from Hong Kong confirmed the validity of the historical use of the drug, in particular as a hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, and antioxidative agent. Our results indicate that the molecular mechanism of hepatoprotection afforded by Schisandra chinensis pretreatment may involve the facilitation of GSH regeneration via the GRD-catalyzed and NADPH-mediated reaction. 53920

7. Radix Salvia Miltiorrhiza

Applications:

• To promote blood circulation and to remove blood stasis for the treatment of dysmenorrheal, amenorrhea, abdominal masses

• To treat coronary heart disease

Function of the herb:

• Promote coronary blood circulation
• Treat coronary heart disease
• Increase red blood cells production
• Protect liver
• Improves kidney function
• Improve function of liver and spleen
• Benefits the muscle and bones (prevents osteoporosis)

1) Clinical research by western scientists from Canada confirmed the validity of the historical use of the drug for improving liver functions. 566-572(7)

2) Scientists confirmed the validity of the historical use of the drug to improve heart and kidneys functions, promoting coronary blood flow without affecting heart rate, inducing dilation of renal vascular system, an increase in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate, decreases blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, methylguanidine, guanidinosuccinic acid and inorganic phosphate (in rat studies), is a free radical scavenger, inhibits platelet aggregation and reduces accumulation of methylguanidine and guanidinosuccinic acid levels (methylguanidine and guanidinosuccinic acid have been reported to cause platelet dynfunction, hemolytic activity, glucose metabolism disturbance and inhibition of lymphocyte transformation). 1527-0661

3) Clinical research by western scientists from Taiwan showed that Salvia Miltiorrhiza exerts antifibrotic effects and confirmed the validity of the historical use of the herb for improving liver functions.  64749

4) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed the validity of the historical use of the drug, Salvia Miltiorrhiza for improving liver functions by preventing liver damage and micro-circulation disorders. 102-41991

5) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed Salvia Miltiorrhiza has antioxidative agent by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).  35448

6) Research by western scientists confirmed Salvia Miltiorrhiza has antioxidative agent. The active constituents 1,2,15,16-tetrahydrotanshiquinone and Ro-090680 showed inhibitory activity against P388 Leukemia cell in vitro and Ro-090680 was reported to be a potent inhibitor of rabbit platelet aggregation induced by collagen (platelet aggregation can cause vascular obstruction via the formation of a thrombus).  57662

7) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Salvia miltiorrhiza can be used to treat stroke patients and heart diseases.  56858

8) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Tanshinone I from Salvia miltiorrhiza has in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. The methanol extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza was found to inhibit PGD₂ production and Tanshinone I was found to inhibit PGE₂ formation. 616 - 620

9) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that hydroxyl radical seems to be the most important factor in ischemia (reduce blood supply) and reperfusion (damage to tissue caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia) injury to skeletal muscle and that Salvia Miltiorrhiza have a role in antioxidation as a hydroxyl radical scavenger.  171-175

10) Clinical research by western scientists confirmed that Salvia Miltiorrhiza is effective in preventing the development of bone loss. 06738

8. Radix Glycyrrhiza Glabra

Applications:

• It has anti-inflammatory effects.
• It antitussive and expectorant effect

Function of the herb:

• It is used to invigorate functions of the heart and spleen for the treatment of symptoms due to deficiency of vital energy of these viscera.
• It is used to protect the liver
• Induce antimicrobial activity
• Improves cell functions of liver, lungs and heart
• Promote immunology

Research:

Licorice has long been used to treat a variety of inflammatory conditions such as asthma, skin diseases (e.g., psoriasis or eczema), peptic ulcers, and even rheumatoid arthritis. Although for the most part good clinical studies in this area are lacking, the existing evidence for the anti-inflammatory effects of particularly GA at least support the therapeutic rationale for some of these treatments. Early reports from the late 1950s demonstrated that 2% topical preparations of GA were beneficial in inflammatory cutaneous disorders.⁴⁰

Animal studies utilizing rodent models of inflammation during this period confirmed the efficacy of these clinical findings.41

More recently, Inoue et al. demonstrated the potent anti-inflammatory effect of GA on TPA-induced mouse ear edema.⁴²

Both oral and topical preparations of GA when given 30 min before TPA treatment inhibited edema formation. A possible mechanism for these anti-inflammatory effects was offered by Shiki et al., who showed that GL stabilizes lysosomes by inhibiting phospholipase A activity in the lysosomal membrane.⁴³

This prevented the release of proteolytic enzymes and acid phosphatases from lysosomes into damaged tissue. Another possible anti-inflammatory mechanism could involve GA’s ability to prevent mononuclear leucocyte migration into the injured tissue as shown in a carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model.⁴⁴

An additional mechanism could involve GA inhibition of the human complement cascade as shown by Kroes et al.⁴⁵

Anti-inflammatory Effects:

The above-mentioned anti-inflammatory effects of GA and GL resemble cortisol’s effect on the inflammation process. Recent studies show that GA is a potent inhibitor of the skin enzyme 11-b-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11-?OHSD) which catalyses the conversion of active cortisol into less active metabolites.⁴⁶

Thus, GA likely acts by potentiating the known anti-inflammatory effects of cortisol. This idea is further supported by studies showing that GA, GL and carbenoxolone do not have anti-inflammatory effects in adrenalectomized animals, indicating that the effects are due to cortisol. This inhibition of 11-?OHSD appears to occur in most all tissues. In rats this enzyme activity was decreased in most organs after intraperitoneal injection of GA.⁴⁷

Antitussive and Expectorant Effects:

Licorice has through the years developed a reputation as an effective expectorant and cough suppressant chiefly used to treat the symptoms of the common cold. Licorice extracts are often found in a variety of throat lozenges. However, no clinical studies have been carried out supporting this widespread use. The cough suppressant effect could be related to its demulcent properties on irritated throat tissues. The well-documented protective effects on gastric mucosal cells could also occur in the upper esophagus and throat, perhaps explaining some of its claimed antitussive effects. The strong, sweet taste of GL could be partly responsible for its expectorant properties.

40. Colin-Jones E. Glycyrrhetinic acid. Br Med J. 1957;161. 41. Finney R, Somers G. The anti-inflammatory activity of glycyrrhetinic acid and derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1958;10:613-620. 42. Inoue H, Mori T. Modulation by glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives of TPA-induced mouse ear oedema. B J Pharmacol. 1989;96:204-210. 43. Shiki Y, Ishikawa Y, et al. Effect of glycyrrhizin on lysosome labilization by phospholipase A2. Amer J Chin Med.1986;14 (3-4):131-137. 44. Capasso F, Mascoto N, et al. Glycyrrhetinic acid, leucocytes and prostaglandins. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1983;35:332-335. 45. Kroes B, Beukelman C, et al. Inhibition of human complement by b-glycyrrhetinic acid. Immunology. 1997;90(1):115-120. 46. Teelucksingh S, Mackie A, et al. Potentiation of hydrocortisone activity in skin by glycyrrhetinic acid. Lancet. 1990:1060-1063. 47. Marandici A, Monder C, et al. Inhibition by glycyrrhetinic acid of rat tissue 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in vivo. Steroids. 1993;58(4):153-156.

1) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Glycyrrhizic acid protects against aflatoxin-induced oxidative stress and may contribute to its anticarcinogenic capability. The protective effect is likely due to its capacity to inhibit the metabolic activation of hepato-toxin, a critical factor in the pathogenesis of chemical-induced carcinogenicity. 188(2-3):211-7

2) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that isoflavans from Glycyrrhiza glabra were able to protect liver and respiratory mitochondria against oxidative stress and therefore the herb benefits the lung and liver. 219-23.

3) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that Glycyrrhizin from Glycyrrhiza glabra has anti-inflammatory activity on liver cells, prevents tissue injury cause by autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and has been used for the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis. 799-804

4) Clinical research by western scientists have shown that glabridin (R)-4-(3,4-Dihydro-8,8-dimethyl)-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:3,4-b']dipyran-3yl)-1,3-benzenediol from Glycyrrhiza glabra has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular protective activities. 77107

This was part of the report sent by Dr. Minh-Tri Nguyen to Dr. Gueùnaešl Rodier, Director, Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response (CSR), WHO Headquarter  "Viruses are chemical particles having the ability to replicate only inside a living cell. Each virus particle or viron consist of a core of a single nucleic acid DNA or RNA surrounding by a protein coat and some cases by carbohydrates or lipids. Since viruses have no cellular organization, they have not cellular organism, have no nucleus, no cytoplasm and no surrounding  membrane, they are not alive but rather obligate parasites at genetic level (require a host cell in order to replicate). That is why antibiotics (anti=against, bio life) cannot kill coronaryviruses and consequently there is no possible vaccine for colds, influenza or SARS. Coronaryvirus (virus from Latin = poison) can be only counter-acted or neutralized by specific antidote herbs, which are highly suitable for human body." In the report to WHO he sighted that Radix Glycyrrhizae can be used for detoxification: neutralizes the poison produce by viruses and bacteria by action of  Glycyrrhizic acid C₄₂ H₆₂ O₁₆

9. Radix Pinella Ternata

• Applications: It is used as an anti-asthmatic and expectorant for chronic bronchitis with thin phlegm and stuffy feeling in the chest

Function of the herb:

• Effective as an expectorant
• Used for asthma problems

10. Rhizoma Zingiberis

Applications:

• It is used to warm up the stomach and spleen for the treatment nausea and vomiting,

• It resolves sputum, disperses cold and alleviates cough.

• It is used to warm up the lung for the treatment of chronic bronchitis with thin, white and foamy phlegm

• Reduces toxicity of other herbs.

Function of the herb:

• To warm up the lung for chronic bronchitis with thin, white and foamy phlegm